COOLWX HOME

RECORDS HOME

OTHER COOLWX PAGES
    Coolwx Hit Images
    Extreme Weather
    Global Forecasts
    Hourly Model Forecasts
    Mesoscale Analysis
    Obs. Weather Database
    Offshore Weather Data
    Precipitation Type
    Record Breakers
    U.S. Weather Statistics


HISTORICAL ANIMATIONS
    Globe: Past 24 hours
    Globe: Past week
    Globe: Past month
    Globe: Past 3 months
    Globe: Past year


    USA: Past 24 hours
    USA: Past week
    USA: Past month
    USA: Past 3 months
    USA: Past year


    Europe: Past 24 hours
    Europe: Past week
    Europe: Past month
    Europe: Past 3 months
    Europe: Past year


Top* Global Record Counts since
July 2010 (pink=past week):

High+Low Temp. Records:
   #01: 22Z 20 Mar 2026 (314)
   #02: 21Z 21 Mar 2026 (304)
   #03: 12Z 13 Nov 2019 (271)
   #04: 13Z 07 Jan 2014 (256)
   #05: 13Z 15 Feb 2021 (247)
   #06: 12Z 20 Feb 2015 (234)
   #07: 22Z 25 Mar 2026 (226)
   #08: 13Z 01 Jan 2018 (221)
   #09: 00Z 22 Mar 2026 (219)
   #10: 14Z 27 Feb 2019 (217)
   #11: 22Z 19 Mar 2026 (216)
   #12: 13Z 12 Nov 2019 (207)
   #13: 23Z 20 Sep 2016 (202)
   #14: 14Z 26 Feb 2019 (199)
   #15: 13Z 21 Sep 2016 (199)

High Temp. Records:
   #01: 22Z 20 Mar 2026 (314)
   #02: 21Z 21 Mar 2026 (304)
   #03: 22Z 25 Mar 2026 (226)
   #04: 00Z 22 Mar 2026 (219)
   #05: 22Z 19 Mar 2026 (214)
   #06: 14Z 27 Feb 2019 (211)
   #07: 23Z 20 Sep 2016 (200)
   #08: 13Z 21 Sep 2016 (198)
   #09: 14Z 26 Feb 2019 (193)
   #10: 14Z 19 Apr 2018 (193)
   #11: 23Z 19 Sep 2016 (183)
   #12: 23Z 16 Sep 2016 (183)
   #13: 19Z 10 Nov 2020 (181)
   #14: 15Z 24 Jun 2026 (177)
   #15: 15Z 26 May 2026 (177)

Low Temp. Records:
   #01: 12Z 13 Nov 2019 (258)
   #02: 13Z 15 Feb 2021 (231)
   #03: 12Z 20 Feb 2015 (228)
   #04: 13Z 07 Jan 2014 (222)
   #05: 13Z 01 Jan 2018 (205)
   #06: 13Z 12 Nov 2019 (194)
   #07: 13Z 16 Feb 2021 (177)
   #08: 14Z 14 Feb 2021 (176)
   #09: 10Z 09 May 2020 (173)
   #10: 06Z 04 Feb 2012 (167)
   #11: 13Z 02 Jan 2018 (164)
   #12: 12Z 19 Nov 2014 (160)
   #13: 13Z 26 Jan 2026 (147)
   #14: 12Z 24 Feb 2015 (147)
   #15: 14Z 26 Oct 2020 (146)

*Note:
   Multiple times in day not listed


Go back to main page.

(Unofficial) Record-breaking temperatures across the Globe

(Unofficial) Record-breaking temperature across the Globe


Feel free to read the interesting history of these web pages: http://coolwx.com/history.php


This page displays global cities that are currently approaching, matching, or exceeding
unofficial daily/monthly/all-time record temperatures.

Please read the important notes at the very bottom of this page before using this data.

Move the mouse over a colored dot on the images to view the information on the temperature record.

** Note: As of 19 February 2024, the almanac has been updated to include all of 2023's data. **

Last updated at Wed Aug 5 13:32:44 UTC 2026 using 2582 observations from 13UTC

Unofficially, there are currently 33 stations that have broken their daily high record, 17 that are tying it, and 58 that are near it.
Unofficially, there are currently 4 stations that have broken their daily low record, 3 that are tying it, and 18 that are near it.


LEGEND OF UNOFFICIAL RECORDS:
Daily Close
Daily Tied
.
Daily Broken
Monthly
Tied/Broken
All-time
Tied/Broken
HIGH
RECORD
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
LOW
RECORD
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#

LEGEND OF UNOFFICIAL RECORDS:
Daily Close
Daily Tied
.
Daily Broken
Monthly
Tied/Broken
All-time
Tied/Broken
HIGH
RECORD
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
LOW
RECORD
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#

Table Units: [ Fahrenheit | Celsius ]

ID
CityCountry
Current
Temp &
Trend
(°C)
Unofficial Daily /
Monthly /
Alltime
Record (°C)
Margin of
Unofficial
Daily
Record (°C)
Database
Length
(years)
ID
EPRZ
Rzeszow-JasionkaPoland
38.0   
 32.7    39.6    39.6
(2015)  (1989)  (1989)
+5.3
57
EPRZ
EPKK
KrakowPoland
38.0 ▲
 33.0    37.2    38.0
(2022)  (2013)  (1981)
+5.0
52
EPKK
LHBP
Budapest / FerihegyHungary
39.0   
 35.0    39.0    40.0
(2022)  (2015)  (2007)
+4.0
55
LHBP
LZTT
Poprad / TatrySlovakia
34.0   
 30.5    33.8    34.7
(2022)  (2013)  (2007)
+3.5
53
LZTT
UMBB
BrestBelarus
37.0 ▲
 33.8    36.7    36.7
(1963)  (2015)  (2015)
+3.2
69
UMBB
LZIB
Bratislava IvankaSlovakia
39.0   
 36.0    39.2    39.2
(2022)  (2013)  (2013)
+3.0
68
LZIB
LKMT
Ostrava / MosnovCzech Republic
37.0   
 34.0    37.0    37.0
(1994)  (2013)  (2013)
+3.0
63
LKMT
LHPA
PapaHungary
39.0 ▲
 36.1    39.0    39.0
(2012)  (2013)  (2013)
+2.9
52
LHPA
LOWW
Wien / Schwechat-FlughafenAustria
39.0   
 36.2    38.3    41.0
(2022)  (2013)  (2012)
+2.8
68
LOWW
LHKE
KecskemetHungary
39.0 ▲
 36.2    38.2    41.7
(2012)  (2008)  (2007)
+2.8
52
LHKE
LKTB
Brno / TuranyCzech Republic
37.0   
 34.5    37.7    37.7
(2022)  (2013)  (2013)
+2.5
63
LKTB
LHNY
Nyiregyhaza / NapkorHungary
38.0 ▲
 35.7    38.2    41.0
(2012)  (2012)  (1978)
+2.3
52
LHNY
LHDC
DebrecenHungary
38.0   
 36.0    38.8    38.8
(2012)  (1952)  (1952)
+2.0
60
LHDC
LOWG
Graz-Thalerhof-FlughafenAustria
36.0   
 34.0    38.3    38.3
(2022)  (2013)  (2013)
+2.0
69
LOWG
FPST
S. TomeSao Tome and Principe
32.0   
 30.0    42.0    42.0
(2021)  (1979)  (1975)
+2.0
37
FPST
LHPR
Gyor PerHungary
39.0 ▲
 37.3    40.6    40.6
(2022)  (2013)  (2013)
+1.7
52
LHPR
LOWL
Linz / Hoersching-FlughafenAustria
36.0 ▲
 34.6    37.0    37.3
(1947)  (2011)  (1983)
+1.4
72
LOWL
ESMK
Kristianstad / EverodSweden
28.0 ▲
 27.0    33.0    35.0
(1999)  (2018)  (2010)
+1.0
35
ESMK
LSZA
LuganoSwitzerland
36.0 ▲
 35.0    37.0    37.1
(2022)  (2003)  (1983)
+1.0
48
LSZA
LQBK
Banja LukaSerbia and Montenegro
39.0 ▲
 38.0    41.1    41.1
(2012)  (1952)  (1952)
+1.0
62
LQBK
LOXZ
ZeltwegAustria
34.0 ▲
 33.0    36.7    36.7
(2022)  (2013)  (2013)
+1.0
49
LOXZ
LKLN
Plzen LineCzech Republic
35.0 ▲
 34.0    37.2    39.0
(2022)  (1943)  (1983)
+1.0
57
LKLN
LIMN
Novara / CameriItaly
36.0 ▲
 35.0    37.0    38.0
(2022)  (2003)  (1984)
+1.0
55
LIMN
FKYS
YaoundeCameroon
29.0 ▲
 28.0    33.2    42.0
(2021)  (1992)  (1982)
+1.0
49
FKYS
EPWA
Warszawa-OkeciePoland
36.0 ▲
 35.0    37.0    37.0
(2015)  (2015)  (2015)
+1.0
64
EPWA
DTTZ
TozeurTunisia
47.0 ▲
 46.0    48.0    53.0
(1979)  (2005)  (1979)
+1.0
52
DTTZ
LHPP
Pecs / PoganyHungary
37.0 ▲
 36.1    38.2    38.6
(2012)  (2012)  (2007)
+0.8
52
LHPP
LIPK
ForliItaly
38.0 ▲
 37.2    43.0    43.0
(2013)  (2017)  (2017)
+0.7
52
LIPK
LDOS
Osijek / CepinCroatia
39.0   
 38.5    40.5    40.6
(2012)  (2012)  (2007)
+0.5
40
LDOS
LRBM
Baia MareRomania
37.0 ▲
 36.5    39.0    39.0
(2017)  (2012)  (2012)
+0.5
45
LRBM
LROD
OradeaRomania
39.0 ▲
 38.7    39.0    39.0
(2017)  (1992)  (1992)
+0.2
61
LROD
LRSM
Satu MareRomania
38.0   
 37.7    39.0    39.3
(1952)  (2012)  (1992)
+0.2
68
LRSM
LKPR
Praha / RuzyneCzech Republic
34.0   
 33.7    37.3    37.3
(2022)  (2012)  (2012)
+0.2
68
LKPR
SPME
TumbesPeru
32.0   
 32.0    38.0    42.2
(1997)  (1976)  (2020)
0.0
51
SPME
OOSH
Sohar MajisOman
42.0 ▼
 42.0    49.7    50.7
(2009)  (2015)  (2009)
0.0
45
OOSH
OJAQ
Aqaba AirportJordan
43.0 ▲
 43.0    48.0    48.5
(2010)  (1977)  (2020)
0.0
56
OJAQ
OEAB
AbhaSaudi Arabia
33.0   
 33.0    40.0    40.0
(2023)  (1983)  (1983)
0.0
42
OEAB
LIVP
PaganellaItaly
21.0   
 21.0    29.0    31.0
(2022)  (1979)  (1973)
0.0
49
LIVP
LIQW
Sarzana / LuniItaly
34.0   
 34.0    37.0    39.0
(2024)  (2023)  (1998)
0.0
48
LIQW
LIPI
Udine / RivoltoItaly
36.0 ▲
 36.0    37.0    38.2
(2013)  (2003)  (1983)
0.0
53
LIPI
LIMS
PiacenzaItaly
38.0 ▲
 38.0    40.3    40.3
(2003)  (2003)  (2003)
0.0
55
LIMS
LIMF
Torino / CaselleItaly
36.0   
 36.0    37.2    37.2
(2022)  (1984)  (1984)
0.0
60
LIMF
LICR
Reggio CalabriaItaly
39.0   
 39.0    43.0    43.0
(2017)  (2021)  (2021)
0.0
52
LICR
GCLA
La Palma / AeropuertoSpain
30.0 ▲
 30.0    37.0    39.7
(2016)  (1976)  (2015)
0.0
57
GCLA
LOWK
Klagenfurt-FlughafenAustria
36.0 ▲
 36.1    38.0    38.1
(2022)  (2013)  (2013)
-0.1
69
LOWK
ETIH
HohenfelsGermany
32.8 ▲
 32.8    36.0    39.0
(2022)  (2012)  (1983)
0.0
60
ETIH
EDMA
AugsburgGermany
32.0 ▲
 32.2    36.0    37.1
(1990)  (2003)  (1983)
-0.2
62
EDMA
EDDE
Erfurt-BinderslebenGermany
32.0 ▲
 32.2    37.2    38.0
(1938)  (1943)  (2022)
-0.2
37
EDDE
LIMK
Torino / Bric Della CroceItaly
32.0 ▲
 32.3    34.5    35.0
(2022)  (2023)  (2019)
-0.2
50
LIMK
LRSV
Suceava / SalceaRomania
34.0   
 34.2    36.0    36.7
(2017)  (2023)  (2024)
-0.2
52
LRSV
EPWR
Wroclaw IiPoland
35.0   
 35.5    38.0    38.0
(2022)  (2015)  (2015)
-0.5
57
EPWR
DXNG
NiamtougouTogo
30.0 ▲
 30.5    38.0    44.2
(2010)  (2010)  (2003)
-0.5
40
DXNG
LIVC
Monte CimoneItaly
23.0 ▲
 23.6    29.0    29.0
(2017)  (1981)  (1981)
-0.6
52
LIVC
DBBB
CotonouBenin
29.0 ▲
 29.6    38.5    39.7
(2021)  (1988)  (1995)
-0.6
52
DBBB
OEWD
Wadi Al Dawasser AirportSaudi Arabia
46.0   
 46.6    49.0    49.0
(1995)  (2004)  (2004)
-0.6
35
OEWD
LSZL
LocarnoSwitzerland
33.0   
 33.7    36.1    40.2
(2017)  (2003)  (1985)
-0.7
67
LSZL
LPPS
Porto SantoPortugal
27.0   
 27.7    36.0    36.0
(2016)  (1979)  (1979)
-0.6
52
LPPS
EDHL
Luebeck-BlankenseeGermany
29.0   
 29.7    38.0    38.0
(1982)  (1992)  (1992)
-0.6
41
EDHL
DTTF
GafsaTunisia
43.0   
 43.7    46.1    47.0
(2017)  (2021)  (2023)
-0.7
57
DTTF
SBFN
Fernando De NoronhaBrazil
29.0   
 30.0    38.7    44.3
(2023)  (1982)  (1989)
-1.0
56
SBFN
OIAG
OmidiehIran
49.0 ▼
 50.0    52.2    52.6
(2002)  (2012)  (2011)
-1.0
41
OIAG
OEYN
YenboSaudi Arabia
45.0   
 46.0    49.5    49.6
(2017)  (2017)  (2019)
-1.0
52
OEYN
OETF
TaifSaudi Arabia
39.0   
 40.0    44.0    44.0
(2015)  (2001)  (2001)
-1.0
52
OETF
OESH
SharurahSaudi Arabia
44.0 ▼
 45.0    49.0    49.0
(2023)  (2007)  (2007)
-1.0
42
OESH
OEPA
Al QaysumahSaudi Arabia
48.0 ▼
 49.0    50.5    54.0
(2022)  (2003)  (1995)
-1.0
57
OEPA
MYSM
Cockburn Town, San SalvadorBahamas, The
30.0   
 31.0    33.7    34.5
(2024)  (1983)  (1986)
-1.0
35
MYSM
LQSA
Sarajevo / ButmirSerbia and Montenegro
35.0   
 36.0    40.0    40.0
(2017)  (2007)  (2007)
-1.0
65
LQSA
LIMC
Milano / MalpensaItaly
36.0   
 37.0    38.0    38.0
(2017)  (1981)  (1981)
-1.0
59
LIMC
GCLP
Las Palmas De Gran Canaria / GandoSpain
33.0   
 34.0    40.0    40.0
(2016)  (2010)  (2010)
-1.0
62
GCLP
FOON
Franceville / MvengueGabon
30.0   
 31.0    39.6    41.5
(2023)  (2001)  (1985)
-1.0
44
FOON
FMEP
Saint-PierreReunion
25.0   
 26.0    29.7    38.0
(2024)  (2018)  (1976)
-1.0
42
FMEP
FKKD
Douala Obs.Cameroon
30.0   
 31.0    33.0    45.0
(1998)  (1976)  (1994)
-1.0
52
FKKD
EDHI
Hamburg-FinkenwerderGermany
29.0   
 30.0    35.0    39.0
(2004)  (2003)  (2022)
-1.0
37
EDHI
EDDM
MunchenGermany
33.0   
 34.0    37.0    37.0
(2003)  (2003)  (2003)
-1.0
83
EDDM
EDDC
Dresden-KlotzscheGermany
31.0   
 32.0    37.2    38.0
(2022)  (1943)  (2022)
-1.0
47
EDDC
OEBA
Al BahaSaudi Arabia
37.0   
 38.0    40.0    44.3
(2016)  (1983)  (1987)
-1.0
42
OEBA
GCHI
Hierro / AeropuertoSpain
27.0   
 28.0    38.0    40.3
(2005)  (1976)  (2012)
-1.0
52
GCHI
EGMC
Southend-On-SeaUnited Kingdom
27.0   
 28.0    36.0    37.0
(2009)  (2003)  (2022)
-1.0
37
EGMC
EDVE
BraunschweigGermany
30.0 ▼
 31.1    39.0    39.0
(1938)  (1992)  (1992)
-1.1
47
EDVE
DRZR
ZinderNiger
35.0   
 36.1    43.0    50.5
(2005)  (1973)  (1995)
-1.1
63
DRZR
OERK
King Khaled Intl ArptSaudi Arabia
45.0   
 46.2    49.0    49.7
(2015)  (2006)  (2004)
-1.2
42
OERK
LIPC
CerviaItaly
35.0   
 36.2    39.0    39.0
(2003)  (2003)  (2003)
-1.2
52
LIPC
FAKM
KimberleySouth Africa
26.0   
 27.2    34.1    45.7
(2004)  (1997)  (2016)
-1.2
52
FAKM
CWRZ
Cap D'Espoir , Que.Canada
22.5   
 23.7    29.7    32.1
(2024)  (2001)  (2024)
-1.2
38
CWRZ
LOWI
Innsbruck-FlughafenAustria
33.0   
 34.2    37.0    37.2
(2003)  (2003)  (2019)
-1.2
69
LOWI
FHAW
Ascension IslandSaint Helena
27.0   
 28.2    29.0    35.6
(2022)  (2021)  (2004)
-1.2
72
FHAW
EKRK
Koebenhavn / RoskildeDenmark
27.0   
 28.2    32.5    33.1
(1990)  (2018)  (1991)
-1.2
48
EKRK
OJAI
Queen Alia AirportJordan
38.0 ▼
 39.3    44.3    44.3
(2022)  (2023)  (2023)
-1.3
41
OJAI
OEMA
MadinahSaudi Arabia
46.0   
 47.3    53.5    53.5
(2001)  (1988)  (1988)
-1.3
62
OEMA
EDQM
HofGermany
30.0   
 31.3    35.2    35.2
(1990)  (2003)  (2003)
-1.3
67
EDQM
OEBH
BishaSaudi Arabia
41.0 ▼
 42.5    48.0    50.1
(2001)  (1981)  (2022)
-1.5
52
OEBH
LKKV
Karlovy VaryCzech Republic
31.0   
 32.5    35.7    35.7
(1994)  (2012)  (2012)
-1.5
44
LKKV
LFMY
SalonFrance
37.0   
 38.5    40.0    43.3
(2017)  (2020)  (2019)
-1.5
39
LFMY
EDDK
Koeln / BonnGermany
32.0   
 33.5    39.0    40.0
(1994)  (2003)  (2019)
-1.5
73
EDDK
EDDH
Hamburg-FuhlsbuettelGermany
30.0   
 31.5    37.2    39.0
(1982)  (1992)  (2022)
-1.5
73
EDDH
DRRN
Niamey-AeroNiger
35.0   
 36.5    43.2    49.7
(2016)  (1983)  (1988)
-1.5
63
DRRN
EDDR
Saarbruecken / EnsheimGermany
30.0   
 31.6    37.0    38.0
(1990)  (2022)  (2019)
-1.6
54
EDDR
.
KBYI
Burley, IDUnited States
8.3   
  6.6   .6   -34.3
(1980)  (1960)  (1962)
+1.7
70
KBYI
NCRG
RarotongaCook Islands
17.0   
 15.3    11.2    10.5
(1986)  (2003)  (2012)
+1.7
51
NCRG
KGPI
Kalispell/Glacier Park, MTUnited States
4.4   
  2.7    -1.1   -38.2
(1980)  (2000)  (1979)
+1.7
77
KGPI
KBJC
Broomfield / Jeffco, COUnited States
11.0   
  9.3     1.0   -31.6
(1990)  (2008)  (1989)
+1.7
44
KBJC
CWZV
Cape Saint James, BCCanada
10.6   
  9.0     7.8   -20.0
(2008)  (1984)  (2010)
+1.6
39
CWZV
MHRO
RoatanHonduras
24.0   
 22.7    18.0     7.0
(2013)  (2008)  (1994)
+1.3
35
MHRO
KBFF
Scottsbluff, NEUnited States
10.6 ▲
  9.3     2.7   -41.2
(1978)  (2015)  (1989)
+1.3
79
KBFF
KSFF
Spokane, WAUnited States
10.0   
  8.8     4.3   -26.6
(2002)  (1973)  (1979)
+1.2
52
KSFF
KCYS
Cheyenne, WYUnited States
9.4   
  8.2     2.7   -33.8
(1980)  (2016)  (1984)
+1.2
77
KCYS
KCAO
Clayton, NMUnited States
13.9   
 12.7     8.2   -27.2
(1978)  (1979)  (1951)
+1.2
60
KCAO
K2WX
Buffalo, SDUnited States
10.0 ▲
  8.8     1.6   -35.5
(2012)  (1992)  (1989)
+1.2
36
K2WX
PGUA
Andersen, GUUnited States
23.8   
 22.7    20.5    15.1
(1950)  (2014)  (2016)
+1.1
75
PGUA
CYBD
Bella Coola AirportCanada
10.0   
  9.0     4.0   -24.0
(2007)  (1985)  (1985)
+1.0
36
CYBD
KBKF
Aurora, COUnited States
11.6   
 10.7     5.5   -34.2
(2017)  (2020)  (1963)
+0.9
63
KBKF
KDPG
Dugway Proving Grounds, UTUnited States
11.9   
 11.1   .5   -30.0
(1993)  (1992)  (1998)
+0.8
59
KDPG
KMUO
Mountain Home AFB, IDUnited States
10.1   
 10.0   .2   -37.5
(1976)  (1932)  (1933)
0.0
79
KMUO
KLGD
La Grande, ORUnited States
6.1   
  6.0     -.6   -30.0
(2002)  (1992)  (2022)
0.0
41
KLGD
NZAA
Auckland AirportNew Zealand
3.0   
  3.0     1.0     -.7
(2003)  (1993)  (1982)
0.0
57
NZAA
KONO
Ontario, ORUnited States
10.6   
 11.1     3.2   -28.8
(2012)  (1951)  (2017)
-0.5
44
KONO
KSMN
Salmon, IDUnited States
6.1 ▼
  7.0    -1.7   -36.0
(1996)  (1992)  (1979)
-0.9
38
KSMN
KJDN
Jordan, MTUnited States
6.7   
  7.7    -1.7   -42.7
(2016)  (1992)  (1989)
-1.0
40
KJDN
KP69
Lowell, IDUnited States
8.3   
  9.3     1.6   -23.7
(1988)  (1992)  (1989)
-1.0
38
KP69
ID
CityCountry
Current
Temp &
Trend
(°C)
Unofficial Daily /
Monthly /
Alltime
Record (°C)
Margin of
Unofficial
Daily
Record (°C)
Database
Length
(years)
ID

Table Units: [ Fahrenheit | Celsius ]

LEGEND OF UNOFFICIAL RECORDS:
Daily Close
Daily Tied
.
Daily Broken
Monthly
Tied/Broken
All-time
Tied/Broken
HIGH
RECORD
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
LOW
RECORD
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#

       Important Notes:
  • The source of the historical data here is the NCDC GSOD (updated through 2024 as of 13 August 2025).
  • The records are defined here using GMT, with the day resetting at 00GMT (7PM EST;8PM EDT).
  • These records are NOT official and differ from official records that use a longer database and local (not GMT) time.
  • Only cities having an NCDC GSOD recorded history of at least 35 years are shown here.
  • With the additional year of data available (2024), 83 new stations (for a total of 3823) now meet the 35 year minimum record.
  • In cases when there are multiple years of records for a city, the latest (most recent) year is shown above.
  • Note that given the relatively short record used here (as small as 35 years), records will almost assuredly be set somewhere every day for the next several decades to centuries.
  • Appreciation to R. Maue, E. Blake, and R. Remondelli, among several others, for feedback.