COOLWX HOME

RECORDS HOME

OTHER COOLWX PAGES
    Coolwx Hit Images
    Extreme Weather
    Global Forecasts
    Hourly Model Forecasts
    Mesoscale Analysis
    Obs. Weather Database
    Offshore Weather Data
    Precipitation Type
    Record Breakers
    U.S. Weather Statistics


HISTORICAL ANIMATIONS
    Globe: Past 24 hours
    Globe: Past week
    Globe: Past month
    Globe: Past 3 months
    Globe: Past year


    USA: Past 24 hours
    USA: Past week
    USA: Past month
    USA: Past 3 months
    USA: Past year


    Europe: Past 24 hours
    Europe: Past week
    Europe: Past month
    Europe: Past 3 months
    Europe: Past year


Top* Global Record Counts since
July 2010 (pink=past week):

High+Low Temp. Records:
   #01: 22Z 20 Mar 2026 (314)
   #02: 21Z 21 Mar 2026 (304)
   #03: 12Z 13 Nov 2019 (271)
   #04: 13Z 07 Jan 2014 (256)
   #05: 13Z 15 Feb 2021 (247)
   #06: 12Z 20 Feb 2015 (234)
   #07: 22Z 25 Mar 2026 (226)
   #08: 13Z 01 Jan 2018 (221)
   #09: 00Z 22 Mar 2026 (219)
   #10: 14Z 27 Feb 2019 (217)
   #11: 22Z 19 Mar 2026 (216)
   #12: 13Z 12 Nov 2019 (207)
   #13: 23Z 20 Sep 2016 (202)
   #14: 14Z 26 Feb 2019 (199)
   #15: 13Z 21 Sep 2016 (199)

High Temp. Records:
   #01: 22Z 20 Mar 2026 (314)
   #02: 21Z 21 Mar 2026 (304)
   #03: 22Z 25 Mar 2026 (226)
   #04: 00Z 22 Mar 2026 (219)
   #05: 22Z 19 Mar 2026 (214)
   #06: 14Z 27 Feb 2019 (211)
   #07: 23Z 20 Sep 2016 (200)
   #08: 13Z 21 Sep 2016 (198)
   #09: 14Z 26 Feb 2019 (193)
   #10: 14Z 19 Apr 2018 (193)
   #11: 23Z 19 Sep 2016 (183)
   #12: 23Z 16 Sep 2016 (183)
   #13: 19Z 10 Nov 2020 (181)
   #14: 15Z 24 Jun 2026 (177)
   #15: 15Z 26 May 2026 (177)

Low Temp. Records:
   #01: 12Z 13 Nov 2019 (258)
   #02: 13Z 15 Feb 2021 (231)
   #03: 12Z 20 Feb 2015 (228)
   #04: 13Z 07 Jan 2014 (222)
   #05: 13Z 01 Jan 2018 (205)
   #06: 13Z 12 Nov 2019 (194)
   #07: 13Z 16 Feb 2021 (177)
   #08: 14Z 14 Feb 2021 (176)
   #09: 10Z 09 May 2020 (173)
   #10: 06Z 04 Feb 2012 (167)
   #11: 13Z 02 Jan 2018 (164)
   #12: 12Z 19 Nov 2014 (160)
   #13: 13Z 26 Jan 2026 (147)
   #14: 12Z 24 Feb 2015 (147)
   #15: 14Z 26 Oct 2020 (146)

*Note:
   Multiple times in day not listed


Go back to main page.

(Unofficial) Record-breaking temperatures across the Globe

(Unofficial) Record-breaking temperature across the Globe


Feel free to read the interesting history of these web pages: http://coolwx.com/history.php


This page displays global cities that are currently approaching, matching, or exceeding
unofficial daily/monthly/all-time record temperatures.

Please read the important notes at the very bottom of this page before using this data.

Move the mouse over a colored dot on the images to view the information on the temperature record.

** Note: As of 19 February 2024, the almanac has been updated to include all of 2023's data. **

Last updated at Mon Jul 13 15:33:19 UTC 2026 using 2573 observations from 15UTC

Unofficially, there are currently 30 stations that have broken their daily high record, 21 that are tying it, and 70 that are near it.
Unofficially, there is currently 1 station that has broken their daily low record, 1 that is tying it, and 5 that are near it.


LEGEND OF UNOFFICIAL RECORDS:
Daily Close
Daily Tied
.
Daily Broken
Monthly
Tied/Broken
All-time
Tied/Broken
HIGH
RECORD
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
LOW
RECORD
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#

LEGEND OF UNOFFICIAL RECORDS:
Daily Close
Daily Tied
.
Daily Broken
Monthly
Tied/Broken
All-time
Tied/Broken
HIGH
RECORD
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
LOW
RECORD
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#

Table Units: [ Fahrenheit | Celsius ]

ID
CityCountry
Current
Temp &
Trend
(°C)
Unofficial Daily /
Monthly /
Alltime
Record (°C)
Margin of
Unofficial
Daily
Record (°C)
Database
Length
(years)
ID
LFQG
NeversFrance
36.0   
 33.2    39.3    39.7
(2003)  (2019)  (2021)
+2.8
51
LFQG
LFLL
Lyon / SatolasFrance
37.0 ▲
 34.2    39.2    40.0
(2003)  (1983)  (2023)
+2.8
50
LFLL
LFLN
Saint-YanFrance
37.0 ▲
 34.7    40.2    40.2
(2003)  (2019)  (2019)
+2.3
52
LFLN
LSZB
Bern / BelpSwitzerland
34.0 ▼
 32.0    37.0    37.0
(2022)  (2019)  (2019)
+2.0
35
LSZB
EDTL
Lahr, CAN-AFBGermany
34.0 ▲
 32.0    38.0    38.0
(2022)  (2019)  (2003)
+2.0
51
EDTL
LFSD
DijonFrance
36.0   
 34.0    39.5    39.5
(1994)  (2019)  (2019)
+2.0
51
LFSD
LFQB
TroyesFrance
36.0 ▲
 34.0    42.0    42.0
(2022)  (2019)  (2019)
+2.0
50
LFQB
LFLY
Lyon / BronFrance
37.0 ▲
 35.0    40.3    41.3
(2003)  (2019)  (2023)
+2.0
52
LFLY
LOWI
Innsbruck-FlughafenAustria
33.0   
 31.1    37.0    37.2
(1959)  (2015)  (2019)
+1.9
69
LOWI
LFSX
LuxeuilFrance
35.0 ▲
 33.2    39.0    39.0
(2022)  (1983)  (1983)
+1.8
51
LFSX
LFLV
VichyFrance
37.0   
 35.2    41.2    41.2
(2003)  (2019)  (2019)
+1.8
52
LFLV
LFLC
Clermont-FerrandFrance
37.0   
 35.3    40.7    41.0
(2003)  (1983)  (2019)
+1.7
51
LFLC
ETEB
Ansbach / KatterbachGermany
31.7 ▲
 30.1    37.0    37.0
(2022)  (1983)  (1994)
+1.6
65
ETEB
LFOJ
OrleansFrance
37.0   
 35.5    41.0    41.0
(2022)  (2019)  (2019)
+1.5
52
LFOJ
LFSI
St-DizierFrance
35.0   
 33.7    41.3    41.3
(1994)  (2019)  (2019)
+1.3
52
LFSI
ETIC
GrafenwoehrGermany
32.3   
 31.0    39.0    39.0
(1994)  (1983)  (1983)
+1.3
66
ETIC
LOWS
Salzburg-FlughafenAustria
32.0   
 31.0    38.0    38.0
(1974)  (1983)  (1983)
+1.0
70
LOWS
LIVC
Monte CimoneItaly
20.0   
 19.0    26.7    29.0
(1998)  (1982)  (1981)
+1.0
52
LIVC
HUSO
SorotiUganda
31.0   
 30.0    39.3    42.3
(2009)  (2017)  (2002)
+1.0
45
HUSO
EDVK
Kassel / CaldenGermany
30.0 ▲
 29.0    37.0    37.0
(2022)  (2022)  (2022)
+1.0
36
EDVK
LFST
StrasbourgFrance
35.0 ▲
 34.1    39.0    39.0
(2022)  (2019)  (2015)
+0.8
56
LFST
ETIH
HohenfelsGermany
31.1 ▲
 30.2    39.0    39.0
(1967)  (1983)  (1983)
+0.9
60
ETIH
EDDK
Koeln / BonnGermany
33.0   
 32.2    40.0    40.0
(1967)  (2019)  (2019)
+0.7
73
EDDK
SBMO
Maceio AeroportoBrazil
30.0 ▲
 29.3    35.0    39.3
(2003)  (1977)  (1984)
+0.6
52
SBMO
LOWL
Linz / Hoersching-FlughafenAustria
31.0   
 30.3    37.3    37.3
(2010)  (1983)  (1983)
+0.6
72
LOWL
DAAS
SetifAlgeria
40.0 ▲
 39.3    42.0    43.0
(2012)  (2023)  (2009)
+0.7
51
DAAS
LIRQ
Firenze / PeretolaItaly
38.0 ▲
 37.5    42.0    43.2
(2011)  (1983)  (2012)
+0.5
60
LIRQ
ETHN
NiederstettenGermany
32.0 ▲
 31.7    36.1    37.0
(2006)  (2022)  (2003)
+0.3
52
ETHN
LIQW
Sarzana / LuniItaly
34.0   
 33.7    39.0    39.0
(2006)  (1998)  (1998)
+0.2
48
LIQW
ETOU
WiesbadenGermany
33.9 ▲
 33.7    38.7    38.8
(2022)  (2019)  (2019)
+0.1
82
ETOU
SBSV
Salvador AeroportoBrazil
30.0 ▲
 30.0    35.0    39.7
(1996)  (1975)  (1996)
0.0
56
SBSV
MYSM
Cockburn Town, San SalvadorBahamas, The
32.0 ▲
 32.0    33.0    34.5
(2024)  (2024)  (1986)
0.0
35
MYSM
LKLN
Plzen LineCzech Republic
30.0 ▲
 30.0    39.0    39.0
(2022)  (1983)  (1983)
0.0
57
LKLN
LIRZ
PerugiaItaly
37.0 ▲
 37.0    40.0    41.0
(2011)  (2005)  (2017)
0.0
57
LIRZ
LFSB
Bale-MulhouseFrance
34.0 ▲
 34.0    39.0    39.1
(2022)  (1983)  (2003)
0.0
52
LFSB
LFMH
St-Etienne BoutheonFrance
35.0   
 35.0    41.1    41.1
(2003)  (2015)  (2015)
0.0
51
LFMH
GQNI
NemaMauritania
42.0   
 42.0    47.7    49.8
(2007)  (1987)  (1996)
0.0
50
GQNI
ETNN
NoervenichGermany
32.0 ▲
 32.0    40.0    40.0
(2022)  (2019)  (2019)
0.0
52
ETNN
ETIK
IllesheimGermany
32.2   
 32.2    37.6    39.0
(1941)  (2015)  (2003)
0.0
71
ETIK
EDFH
HahnGermany
30.0   
 30.0    36.0    36.0
(2022)  (2019)  (2003)
0.0
70
EDFH
EDDR
Saarbruecken / EnsheimGermany
32.0 ▲
 32.0    38.0    38.0
(2022)  (2019)  (2019)
0.0
54
EDDR
CYQT
Thunder Bay, Ont.Canada
33.0   
 33.0    36.0    39.0
(1998)  (1988)  (1995)
0.0
59
CYQT
LFLB
Chambery / Aix-Les-BainsFrance
35.0 ▲
 35.1    38.7    40.5
(2003)  (2015)  (2023)
-0.1
51
LFLB
EDTY
Schwaebisch HallGermany
31.0 ▼
 31.1    36.0    37.0
(1941)  (2019)  (2015)
-0.1
48
EDTY
TKPN
Charlestown / NewcastAntigua and Barbuda
32.0   
 32.2    39.0    39.1
(2024)  (2006)  (2016)
-0.2
40
TKPN
LIEA
AlgheroItaly
37.0   
 37.2    44.2    44.2
(2010)  (1983)  (1983)
-0.2
60
LIEA
EGEO
Oban AirportUnited Kingdom
23.0 ▲
 23.1    27.3    29.2
(1983)  (1991)  (1995)
-0.1
38
EGEO
LFYR
RomorantinFrance
34.0 ▼
 34.2    42.0    42.0
(2022)  (2019)  (2019)
-0.2
37
LFYR
GAMB
MoptiMali
39.0 ▲
 39.2    44.3    54.0
(2006)  (1992)  (2017)
-0.2
63
GAMB
LFSO
Nancy / OcheyFrance
33.0 ▲
 33.3    40.0    40.0
(2022)  (2019)  (2019)
-0.2
52
LFSO
ETNW
WunstorfGermany
31.0 ▲
 31.3    39.7    39.7
(1997)  (2022)  (2022)
-0.3
58
ETNW
TFFR
Le Raizet, GuadeloupeGuadeloupe
33.0 ▲
 33.5    37.3    39.0
(1991)  (1987)  (1979)
-0.5
59
TFFR
ETWM
Meppen-MilGermany
29.0   
 29.5    39.0    39.0
(2022)  (2019)  (2019)
-0.5
49
ETWM
LFMO
OrangeFrance
37.0   
 37.5    40.7    42.7
(2003)  (1983)  (2023)
-0.5
52
LFMO
FCBB
Brazzaville / Maya-MayaCongo
32.0   
 32.5    38.0    41.0
(2008)  (1980)  (1981)
-0.5
52
FCBB
LIMS
PiacenzaItaly
34.0   
 34.6    39.3    40.3
(1991)  (1983)  (2003)
-0.6
55
LIMS
LFSN
Nancy / EsseyFrance
33.0   
 33.6    40.1    40.1
(2022)  (2019)  (2019)
-0.6
54
LFSN
EGPK
Prestwick AirportUnited Kingdom
24.0 ▲
 24.6    32.3    32.3
(1983)  (1948)  (1948)
-0.6
70
EGPK
LIRN
Napoli / CapodichinoItaly
34.0 ▼
 34.7    39.0    40.0
(2011)  (1987)  (1981)
-0.7
64
LIRN
SOCA
Cayenne / RochambeauFrench Guiana
32.0   
 32.7    40.0    42.0
(2013)  (1985)  (1975)
-0.7
56
SOCA
SBIL
Ilheus AeroportoBrazil
29.0   
 29.7    38.3    41.0
(1991)  (1992)  (1995)
-0.6
42
SBIL
ENSG
Sogndal / HaukasenNorway
25.0 ▼
 25.7    30.0    30.0
(2014)  (2019)  (2019)
-0.6
40
ENSG
EDDN
NuernbergGermany
32.0 ▼
 32.7    38.6    38.6
(1941)  (1983)  (1983)
-0.7
69
EDDN
EDDL
DuesseldorfGermany
32.0   
 32.7    40.0    40.0
(1949)  (2019)  (2019)
-0.7
54
EDDL
DGSI
KumasiGhana
30.0   
 30.7    39.2    41.0
(2024)  (1996)  (1980)
-0.6
47
DGSI
EGNS
Isle Of ManUnited Kingdom
24.0   
 24.8    29.0    29.0
(1983)  (1983)  (1983)
-0.8
52
EGNS
SBRF
Recife AeroportoBrazil
30.0   
 31.0    33.0    39.3
(2000)  (1973)  (1995)
-1.0
56
SBRF
SBAR
Aracaju AeroportoBrazil
28.0   
 29.0    39.0    39.2
(2015)  (1995)  (1987)
-1.0
41
SBAR
LOXZ
ZeltwegAustria
31.0   
 32.0    36.6    36.7
(2011)  (2013)  (2013)
-1.0
49
LOXZ
LIMK
Torino / Bric Della CroceItaly
30.0   
 31.0    34.0    35.0
(2003)  (2022)  (2019)
-1.0
50
LIMK
LFRM
Le MansFrance
36.0   
 37.0    41.1    41.1
(2022)  (2019)  (2019)
-1.0
51
LFRM
LFPM
MelunFrance
35.0   
 36.0    42.0    42.0
(2022)  (2019)  (2019)
-1.0
39
LFPM
LFML
Marseille / MarignaneFrance
34.0   
 35.0    40.0    40.0
(2018)  (1983)  (1983)
-1.0
64
LFML
LFLX
ChateaurouxFrance
33.0   
 34.0    41.3    41.3
(2022)  (2019)  (2019)
-1.0
68
LFLX
HKLU
LamuKenya
29.0 ▼
 30.0    44.0    44.0
(2023)  (1974)  (1974)
-1.0
52
HKLU
GQPA
AtarMauritania
45.0   
 46.0    48.3    48.8
(1977)  (2011)  (1965)
-1.0
64
GQPA
ETSB
BuechelGermany
29.0   
 30.0    36.0    36.0
(2022)  (2019)  (2003)
-1.0
52
ETSB
ETHL
LaupheimGermany
30.0 ▼
 31.0    37.0    37.0
(1995)  (1983)  (2003)
-1.0
52
ETHL
EDJA
Memmingen AllgauGermany
29.0 ▼
 30.0    37.0    37.0
(2022)  (1984)  (1984)
-1.0
55
EDJA
EDFM
Baden Wurttemberg, NeuostheimGermany
34.0 ▼
 35.0    40.0    40.0
(1949)  (2019)  (2019)
-1.0
49
EDFM
EDDF
Frankfurt / M-FlughafenGermany
34.0   
 35.0    40.0    40.0
(1949)  (2019)  (2019)
-1.0
83
EDDF
EDDE
Erfurt-BinderslebenGermany
29.0   
 30.0    38.0    38.0
(1941)  (2022)  (2022)
-1.0
37
EDDE
DTKA
TabarkaTunisia
41.0 ▼
 42.0    47.0    48.3
(2009)  (2023)  (1999)
-1.0
51
DTKA
DRZA
AgadezNiger
43.0   
 44.0    48.2    49.7
(2001)  (1987)  (1986)
-1.0
62
DRZA
EDQM
HofGermany
27.0   
 28.0    35.0    35.2
(2022)  (2022)  (2003)
-1.0
67
EDQM
LKKV
Karlovy VaryCzech Republic
27.0   
 28.1    34.7    35.7
(2006)  (2007)  (2012)
-1.1
44
LKKV
LIRV
ViterboItaly
34.0   
 35.1    40.1    40.2
(2011)  (2005)  (2022)
-1.1
53
LIRV
KELO
Ely Municipal, MNUnited States
30.9   
 32.0    35.6    53.0
(2006)  (1988)  (1984)
-1.1
42
KELO
LIME
Bergamo / Orio Al SerioItaly
33.0   
 34.2    39.0    39.0
(1991)  (1983)  (1979)
-1.2
56
LIME
SMZO
ParamariboSuriname
32.0   
 33.2    38.7    42.7
(2020)  (1995)  (2014)
-1.2
49
SMZO
LFPV
VillacoublayFrance
34.0   
 35.2    40.2    40.2
(2022)  (2019)  (2019)
-1.2
54
LFPV
GOGS
Cap-SkirringSenegal
32.0   
 33.2    39.5    50.2
(2006)  (1998)  (1997)
-1.2
42
GOGS
ETSN
Neuburg / DonauGermany
31.0   
 32.2    38.0    38.0
(1941)  (1983)  (1983)
-1.2
57
ETSN
ETAR
RamsteinGermany
31.3 ▼
 32.5    38.5    38.7
(2022)  (2019)  (2015)
-1.2
71
ETAR
EDLW
Dortmund / WickedeGermany
31.0   
 32.2    39.0    39.0
(1941)  (2019)  (2019)
-1.2
49
EDLW
EDDW
BremenGermany
29.0   
 30.2    37.0    37.6
(1994)  (2019)  (1992)
-1.2
66
EDDW
EDDM
MunchenGermany
31.0   
 32.2    36.3    37.0
(1941)  (1983)  (2003)
-1.2
83
EDDM
FOON
Franceville / MvengueGabon
30.0   
 31.2    38.2    41.5
(2002)  (1985)  (1985)
-1.2
44
FOON
FHAW
Ascension IslandSaint Helena
28.0   
 29.2    29.7    35.6
(2010)  (2023)  (2004)
-1.2
72
FHAW
DTTZ
TozeurTunisia
46.0   
 47.2    49.2    53.0
(2017)  (2018)  (1979)
-1.2
52
DTTZ
TKPK
Golden RockSaint Kitts and Nevis
31.0   
 32.3    38.0    43.0
(2007)  (1986)  (1996)
-1.3
52
TKPK
SPME
TumbesPeru
32.0   
 33.3    39.1    42.2
(1997)  (1991)  (2020)
-1.3
51
SPME
LSZH
Zurich-KlotenSwitzerland
31.0   
 32.3    37.0    38.0
(2022)  (1983)  (2003)
-1.3
67
LSZH
DTTD
RemadaTunisia
43.0 ▼
 44.3    49.0    49.0
(1999)  (1981)  (1981)
-1.3
54
DTTD
DGLE
TamaleGhana
32.0   
 33.3    39.2    48.7
(2017)  (2022)  (1993)
-1.3
43
DGLE
OITZ
ZanjanIran
35.0 ▼
 36.5    40.5    41.0
(2018)  (2015)  (2024)
-1.5
44
OITZ
LOWK
Klagenfurt-FlughafenAustria
32.0 ▼
 33.5    38.1    38.1
(2010)  (2013)  (2013)
-1.5
69
LOWK
LFBL
LimogesFrance
32.0   
 33.5    38.2    38.2
(2003)  (2022)  (2022)
-1.5
52
LFBL
FNHU
Huambo Nova LisboaAngola
26.0 ▼
 27.5    30.0    38.0
(2024)  (2024)  (1974)
-1.5
37
FNHU
EGNR
HawardenUnited Kingdom
27.0   
 28.5    37.1    37.1
(2003)  (2022)  (2022)
-1.5
40
EGNR
EDDS
Stuttgart-EchterdingenGermany
32.0   
 33.5    37.0    41.1
(1949)  (2019)  (1941)
-1.5
70
EDDS
TJNR
Roosevelt Roads, PRUnited States
31.7   
 33.2    38.0    42.2
(2002)  (2003)  (2015)
-1.5
71
TJNR
EKVG
Soervaag / VagarDenmark
13.0   
 14.6    26.0    26.0
(1992)  (2003)  (2003)
-1.6
36
EKVG
.
PATL
Tatalina, AKUnited States
7.0   
  5.5     2.0   -48.2
(2011)  (2008)  (1989)
+1.5
73
PATL
KHUM
Houma-Terrebonne, LAUnited States
23.0   
 21.5    18.0   -10.2
(2020)  (1968)  (1963)
+1.5
55
KHUM
CWLP
Herbert IslandCanada
10.7   
  9.3     8.0   -17.7
(2001)  (1986)  (2002)
+1.4
40
CWLP
RPLB
Subic Bay Weather StnPhilippines
24.0   
 22.7    18.0     1.0
(1964)  (2011)  (1976)
+1.3
69
RPLB
PATG
Togiac Village, AKUnited States
7.2   
  6.0     1.0   -36.0
(2008)  (1999)  (2012)
+1.2
35
PATG
PASV
Sparrevohn Airways Facilities Sector, AKUnited States
5.0   
  4.6     1.2   -47.1
(1959)  (1963)  (1989)
+0.4
74
PASV
PAGM
Gambell, AKUnited States
3.9   
  4.0   -11.7   -31.7
(2006)  (1994)  (1951)
-0.1
44
PAGM
ID
CityCountry
Current
Temp &
Trend
(°C)
Unofficial Daily /
Monthly /
Alltime
Record (°C)
Margin of
Unofficial
Daily
Record (°C)
Database
Length
(years)
ID

Table Units: [ Fahrenheit | Celsius ]

LEGEND OF UNOFFICIAL RECORDS:
Daily Close
Daily Tied
.
Daily Broken
Monthly
Tied/Broken
All-time
Tied/Broken
HIGH
RECORD
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
LOW
RECORD
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#
##.#

       Important Notes:
  • The source of the historical data here is the NCDC GSOD (updated through 2024 as of 13 August 2025).
  • The records are defined here using GMT, with the day resetting at 00GMT (7PM EST;8PM EDT).
  • These records are NOT official and differ from official records that use a longer database and local (not GMT) time.
  • Only cities having an NCDC GSOD recorded history of at least 35 years are shown here.
  • With the additional year of data available (2024), 83 new stations (for a total of 3823) now meet the 35 year minimum record.
  • In cases when there are multiple years of records for a city, the latest (most recent) year is shown above.
  • Note that given the relatively short record used here (as small as 35 years), records will almost assuredly be set somewhere every day for the next several decades to centuries.
  • Appreciation to R. Maue, E. Blake, and R. Remondelli, among several others, for feedback.